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Entri ini dikirim pada hari Rabu, 6 Februari 2008, 1:38 am dan diletakkan dalam kategori DARWIN. Anda boleh mengikuti sebarang respons bagi entri ini melalui suapan RSS 2.0. Anda boleh meninggalkan respons atau menjejak balik daripada tapak web anda.
This timeline of the Big Bang shows the sequence of events as predicted by the Big Bang theory, from the beginning of time to the end of the Dark Ages.
It is a logarithmic scale that shows 10 * log10 second instead of second. For example, one microsecond is 10 * log100.000001 = 10 * ( − 6) = − 60. To convert -30 read on the scale to second calculate 10 − 30 / 10 = 10 − 3 = 0.001 second = one millisecond. On a logarithmic time scale a step lasts ten times longer than the previous step.
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_Big_Bang
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of H-1 (i.e. the normal, light isotope of hydrogen, whose nuclei consist of a single proton each) during the early phases of the universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis took place just a few minutes after the Big Bang and is believed to be responsible for the formation of a heavier isotope of hydrogen known as deuterium (H-2 or D), the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4, and the lithium isotopes Li-6 and Li-7. In addition to these stable nuclei some unstable, or radioactive, isotopes were also produced during primordial nucleosynthesis: tritium or H-3; beryllium-7 (Be-7), and beryllium-8 (Be-8). These unstable isotopes either decayed or fused with other nuclei to make one of the stable isotopes
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between baryons and anti-baryons in the very early universe, resulting in the substantial amounts of residual matter that make up the universe today.
Unsolved problems in physics: Why does the observable universe have more matter than antimatter?Baryogenesis theories — the most important being electroweak baryogenesis and GUT baryogenesis — employ sub-disciplines of physics such as quantum field theory, and statistical physics, to describe such possible mechanisms. The fundamental difference between baryogenesis theories is the description of the interactions between fundamental particles.
The next step after baryogenesis is the much better understood Big Bang nucleosynthesis, during which light atomic nuclei began to form.
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryogenesis
Stellar nucleosynthesis is the collective term for the nuclear reactions taking place in stars to build the nuclei of the heavier elements. (For other such processes, see nucleosynthesis.)
The processes involved began to be understood early in the twentieth century, when it was first realized that the energy released from nuclear reactions accounted for the longevity of the Sun as a source of heat and light. The prime energy producer in the sun is the fusion of hydrogen to helium, which occurs at a minimum temperature of 3 million kelvins.
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis
In optics, stimulated emission is the process by which, when perturbed by a photon, matter may lose energy resulting in the creation of another photon. The perturbing photon is not destroyed in the process (cf. absorption), and the second photon is created with the same phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel as the original. Stimulated emission is really a quantum mechanical phenomenon but it can be understood in terms of a “classical” field and a quantum mechanical atom. The process can be thought of as “optical amplification” and it forms the basis of both the laser and maser.
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Stimulated emission cross section
3 Optical amplification
3.1 Small signal gain equation
3.2 Saturation intensity
3.3 General gain equation
3.4 Small signal approximation
3.5 Large signal asymptotic behavior
4 References
5 See also
[edit] Overview
Electrons and how they interact with each other and electromagnetic fields form the basis for most of our understanding of chemistry and physics. Electrons have energy in proportion to how far they are on average from the nucleus of an atom; however quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on quantized positions in orbitals.
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission
The Pauli exclusion principle forces some electrons to be farther from the nucleus than others, which is why all the electrons in an atom do not simply occupy the 1s orbital. When electrons absorb energy either from light (photons) or from heat (phonons), they move farther away from the atomic nuclei but they are only allowed to absorb energy that will land them into specific energy levels. This leads to emission lines and absorption lines.
When an electron is excited, it will not stay that way forever. On average there is a half-life for any particular energy level after which half of the electrons initially in that state will have decayed into a lower state. When such a decay occurs, the energy difference between the level the electron was at and the new level must be released either as a photon or a phonon. When an electron decays due to “timeout” it is said to be due to “spontaneous emission.” The phase associated with the photon that is emitted is random and has to do with some quantum mechanical ideas concerning the atom’s internal state. If a bunch of electrons were put into an excited state somehow and then left to relax, the resulting radiation would be very spectrally limited (only one wavelength of light would be present) but the individual photons would not be in phase with one another. This is also called fluorescence.
Other photons (i.e. an external electromagnetic field) will affect an atom’s state. The quantum mechanical variables mentioned above are changed. Specifically the atom will act like a small electric dipole which will oscillate with the external field. One of the consequences of this oscillation is it encourages electrons to decay to the lower energy state. When it does this due to the presence of other photons, the released photon is in phase with the other photons and in the same direction as the other photons. This is known as stimulated emission.
Dari http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission
In physics, a phonon is a quantized mode of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, such as the atomic lattice of a solid.[1] The study of phonons is an important part of solid state physics, because phonons play a major role in many of the physical properties of solids, including a material’s thermal and electrical conductivities. In particular, the properties of long-wavelength phonons give rise to sound in solids — hence the name phonon from the Greek φωνή (phonē) = voice.[2] In insulating solids, phonons are also the primary mechanism by which heat conduction takes place.
Phonons are a quantum mechanical version of a special type of vibrational motion, known as normal modes in classical mechanics, in which each part of a lattice oscillates with the same frequency. These normal modes are important because, according to a well-known result in classical mechanics, any arbitrary vibrational motion of a lattice can be considered as a superposition of normal modes with various frequencies; in this sense, the normal modes are the elementary vibrations of the lattice. Although normal modes are wave-like phenomena in classical mechanics, they acquire certain particle-like properties when the lattice is analysed using quantum mechanics (see wave-particle duality.) They are then known as phonons.
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon
Saya berbincang di Bigview dan teringat bahawa haba (heat) bukan tenaga. The four fundamental forces are photon, graviton, gluon and boson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_force) but not phonon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon.
Cuba mencari first mover cosmic egg (CE) is at high temperature http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature – temperature is defined as the average energy of microscopic motions of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. But CE is pure energy.
The deepest problem in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures (stars, galaxies, super clusters), with quantum mechanics, which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the atomic scale.
The development of a quantum field theory of a force invariably results in infinite (and therefore useless) probabilities. Physicists have developed mathematical techniques (renormalization) to eliminate these infinities which work for three of the four fundamental forces – electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces – but not for gravity. The development of a quantum theory of gravity must therefore come about by different means than those used for the other forces. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring
From H 1 electron to He 2 electrons and higer orbit, require emf (Nur?)
Nur adalah iradah yang mengandungi QQ (qalam) mengarahkan pembentukan segalanya. Di mana peranan haba?
Heat is energy in transit. What energy? of the 4 fund. The orbit of electrons due to balance of weak/strong forces, ia similar to gravitional force holding planet.
Dark energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy is an exotic form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe
Dark matter is hypothetical matter that does not interact with the electromagnetic force, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
DM is said to be as the frame that hold a building of brick.
Allahu 3alam
What happens at this temperature?
Scientists predict what theoretically will happen at this temperature because it can’t ever be achieved. The third law of thermodynamics forbids that humans should ever be able to reach that temperature. As we mentined before, thermal energy is the kinetic energy of the oscillation, vibration, and random activity of atoms and their constituent particles. As an object gets colder, its atoms and molecules begin to move slower and slower. Before we move on it is important to note that the way something is made colder is by heat (thermal energy) being removed, not “coldness” being introduced into the object.
Theoretically, at absolute zero all motion of the atom and its constinuent parts would cease. All energy that could be, would be extracted from the atom. This presents an interesing perspective on time. If all motion would ceases then time would effectively cease also. If there is no time then how could you have space?
Dari http://www.thermalenergy.org/absolutezero.php
Big Bang theory uses Einstein’s general theory of relativity (just a theory?) to trace the history of the universe back to a moment in time when the entire universe was concentrated in a point of infinite density, called a singularity. This account of the history of the universe is simplified, because it ignores quantum mechanics: at a point in time called the Planck time (now thought to have been 13.7 billion years ago), the universe was small enough to be subject to quantum mechanical effects. To know exactly what impact these effects would have had on the universe before Planck-time would require a theory of quantum gravity, which combines general relativity with quantum mechanics.
We can thus consider from two standpoints the question of whether Big Bang theory says the universe came from nothing: from the simplified standpoint that uses general relativity alone, and from the more complete, but murkier, standpoint that uses quantum gravity.
Dari http://vuletic.com/hume/cefec/1-1.html
The standard model can’t explain several towering mysteries about the universe that have their roots in the minuscule world of particles and forces. If there’s one truly extraordinary concept to emerge from the past century of inquiry, it’s that the cosmos we see was once smaller than an atom. This is why particle physicists talk about cosmology and cosmologists talk about particle physics: Our existence, our entire universe, emerged from things that happened at the smallest imaginable scale. The big bang theory tells us that the known universe once had no dimensions at all—no up or down, no left or right, no passage of time, and laws of physics beyond our vision.
Dari http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text/3
Scientists working with data from NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) refined these results in 2003 and again in 2006 by resolving the temperature fluctuations down to smaller angular scales. Working with theory and other astronomical data, the WMAP results pin down the age of our Universe (13.7 billion years), the era of first starlight (about 400 million years after the Big Bang), and the cosmic recipe (74% dark energy, 22% dark matter, and 4% familiar “atomic” matter). WMAP’s precise measurements are beautifully consistent with the theory that the infant universe experienced a brief moment of hyperexpansion—inflation.
Even though we now know the age and recipe of our Universe, we don’t know what started it all. What was the energy that powered the Big Bang? What came “before” the Big Bang? What process planted the primordial seeds? We will go Beyond Einstein as we study these profound questions and attempt to understand our origins.
Dari http://universe.nasa.gov/science/bigbang.html
Perkataan ‘Microwave’ diatas mengingatkan saya kepada atikal berikut;
http://www.rfglobalnet.com/article.mvc/Scientist-Finds-Microwaves-Could-Extract-Wate-0001
Asas penting bagi microwave, malah lightwave, ialah ianya semua electro-magnetic wave (emf), yang merupakan pembawa atau penyebar tenaga di Alam ini. Photon yang dikenalpasti oleh sainstis sebagai the carrier, keluar dari hasil tindak balas atom. Jadi atom merupakan penyimpan atom (potential energy) yang boleh digunakan oleh mahluk pada bila-bila masa diperlukan dengan sayrat-sayarat tertentu. Apa yang sangat asas ialah emf tadi melibatkan gambaran magnet yang mudah untuk digunakan sebagai analogy keberadaan Pencipta. Allah itu tidak berada di Alam ini tetapi kuasa dan tenagaNya dihadirkan di Alam ini, sebagaimana sebuah jasad magnet menghasilkan medan tenaga diluar dari jasadnya.
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